| VANADIUM | 23V |
|---|---|
| Appearance | Vanadium is a shiny, silvery, soft metal. |
| Discovery | 1801 by A.M. del Rio in Mexico City. However, the French chemist incorrectly declared that this new element was impure chromium, and del Rio accepted his judgment. That meant vanadium was rediscovered by N.G. SelfstromIt's in 1831 in Falun, Sweden. |
| Electronic Configuration | simple: 2.8.11.2 ADVANCED: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 or [Ar] 3d3 4s2 for short. |
| Isotopes | 48V has a half-life of 16 days; 49V has a half-life of 330 days; 50 has a half-life of 6 x 1015 years and 51V which has an abundance of 99.75%. |
| Source | Vanadium is defined in about 65 different minerals, including that of vanadinite, carnotite and patronite, and is also to be found in phosphate rock, some ores of iron and in some crude oils, in the form of organic complexes. High-purity vanadium can be obtained by the reduction of vanadium tri-chloride with magnesium. Today much of the vanadium is produced by the reduction of vanadium(V) oxide with calcium, under pressure. |
| Common uses | About 80% of the medium produced is used as a steel additive stop here, it produces one of the toughest alloys, for armour-plating, axles, piston rods crankshafts. The addition of less than 1% vanadium and 1% chromium, makes steel both shock and vibration resistant. Vanadium(V) oxide is used in ceramics, as a catalyst and in producing super-conducting magnets. |
| Test | - |
| Melting point in Kelvin | 2160 |
| Boiling point in Kelvin | 3650 |
| Density in kg/m3 | 6110 at 293K |
| Oxidation States | -3 -1 0 +1 +2 but mainly as +3 +4 and +5 |
| IE1 in kJmol-1 | 650 |
| IE2 in kJmol-1 | 1414 |
| IE3 in kJmol-1 | 2828 |
| IE3 in kJmol-1 | 4507 |
| IE4 in kJmol-1 | 6294 |
| IE5 in kJmol-1 | 12362 |
| IE6 in kJmol-1 | 14489 |
| IE7 in kJmol-1 | 16760 |
| IE8 in kJmol-1 | 19860 |
| IE9 in kJmol-1 | 22240 |
| EA10 in kJmol-1 | 61 |
| Enthalpy of Fusion in kJmol-1 | 17.6 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation in kJmol-1 | 459.7 |