Chemical structures

List the five types of structure, indicate the types of element they will comprise of,
and briefly outline the structure.
Number 1. We have giant metallic structures. (In the list to the left – numbers 1,2 and 14.)
They comprise of metal atoms only.
Here we have layers of metal cations, surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.
Number 2. We have giant ionic structures. (In the list to the left – numbers 3, 5 and 13.)
They are compounds, made from metal cations and non-metal anions.
They have a highly regular, rigid 3d lattice structure, with cations and anions bonded to one another.
Number 3. We have giant covalent, or giant molecular structures. (Numbers 9, 11, 19 and 20.)
They comprise of one or more, non-metal atoms, covalently bonded together.
As suggested by the name, even a tiny sample, will have billions of atoms covalently bonded together.
Number 4. We have simple covalent, or molecular covalent structures.
(Numbers 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 18.)
They also, comprise of one or more non-metal atoms, covalently bonded together.
However, in this case, small, discrete molecules exist, such as
oxygen, O₂, water, H₂O and, butane, C₄H₁₀.
Intermolecular forces act between the molecules, and may result in
actual intermolecular bonds between the molecules.
There are 3 types of intermolecular force. One, two or all three of these may be present.
In order of increasing strength, these are called, london dispersion forces, permanent dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding.
When a solid, with this kind of structure (for example iodine) is melted, the heat energy breaks intermolecular bonds, and not covalent bonds.
Number 5. We have monatomic structures. (Number 21 only.)
They comprise solely of noble gas atoms.
Noble gas atoms have a full valence shell.
They do not have any unpaired electrons.
They are extremely stable.
They do not form molecules, but remain as separate atoms.
We must never use the words molecule, and molecular, with respect to noble gases.
London dispersion forces act between the atoms, and they get stronger as the surface area of the noble gas atom increases.