| RUTHENIUM | 44Ru |
|---|---|
| Appearance | Ruthenium is a hard, lustrous, white metal. It does not tarnish at room temperature. |
| Discovery | 1808 by J.A. Sniadecki in Poland, but not recognized as an element. Klaus Is generally recognised as the discoverer, as in 1844, he purified the metal from its impure oxide. |
| Electronic Configuration | simple: 2.8.18.15.1 ADVANCED: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1 or [Kr] 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1 for short. |
| Isotopes | 96Ru 5.52%; 97Ru has a half-life of 2.88 days; 98Ru 1.88%; 99Ru 12.7%; 100Ru 12.6%; 101Ru 17.0%; 102Ru 31.6%; 103Ru has a half-life of 39.6 days; 104Ru 18.7% and 106Ru has a half-life of 367 days. |
| Source | Review the tedium is find is the free metal, but also associated with other platinum metals in the mineral pentlandite Find in the USA. and pyroxinite, find in South Africa. Commercially, it is obtained from the wastes of nickel refining. |
| Common uses | Ruthenium is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium. It is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear-resistance. It is also a versatile catalyst, used to split hydrogen sulfide, for example |
| Test | - |
| Melting point in Kelvin | 2583 |
| Boiling point in Kelvin | 4173 |
| Density in kg/m3 | 12370 at 293K |
| Oxidation States | -2 0 and +1 to +8 but mostly +3 |
| Electron Affinity in kJmol-1 | 146 |
| IE1 in kJmol-1 | 711 |
| IE2 in kJmol-1 | 1617 |
| IE3 in kJmol-1 | 2747 |
| IE4 in kJmol-1 | 4500 |
| IE5 in kJmol-1 | 6100 |
| IE6 in kJmol-1 | 7800 |
| IE7 in kJmol-1 | 9600 |
| IE8 in kJmol-1 | 11500 |
| IE9 in kJmol-1 | 18700 |
| IE10 in kJmol-1 | 20900 |
| Enthalpy of Fusion in kJmol-1 | 23.7 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation in kJmol-1 | 567 |