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General Equations

There are 4. From them, many hundreds of equations can be formed!

ACID + METAL &#8594 SALT + HYDROGEN ACID + BASE &#8594 SALT + WATER ACID + CARBONATE &#8594 SALT + WATER + CO2 AMMONIUM COMPOUND + NaOH &#8594 SALT + WATER + NH3

General Equations

ACID + BASE &#8594 SALT + WATER

ACID + BASE &#8594 SALT + WATER Sulfuric Acid + Copper (II) Oxide &#8594 Copper (II) Sulfate + Water H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) &#8594 CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) NOTE: an ALKALI is a SOLUBLE base Remember: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and NH4OH

Other Equations

Precipitation Reactions AB(aq) + CD(aq) &#8594 AD(s) + CB(aq)

Precipitation Reactions are used to produce insoluble salts: CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) &#8594 Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq) They can also be used to test for cations and anions.For example, the test for sulfate ions using BaCl2(aq)Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) &#8594 BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq) In a positive result a white precipitate is formed.

General Equations

AMMONIUM COMPOUND + NaOH &#8594 SALT + WATER + NH3 may require gently warming

AMMONIUM COMPOUND + NaOH &#8594 SALT + WATER + NH3 Ammonium Chloride + NaOH &#8594 Ammonium Chloride + Water + NH3 NH4Cl(s) + NaOH(aq) &#8594 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + NH3(g) This reaction can be used to generate a small volume of ammonia gas. It is also used to test for ammonium compounds with the NH3 gas forming a white smoke with HCl gas from HCl(l)

General Equations

ACID + METAL &#8594 SALT + HYDROGEN

ACID + METAL &#8594 SALT + HYDROGEN
Sulfuric Acid + Zinc &#8594 Zinc (II) Sulfate + Hydrogen H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) &#8594 ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

General Equations

ACID + CARBONATE &#8594 SALT + WATER + CO2

ACID + CARBONATE &#8594 SALT + WATER + CO2 Hydrochloric Acid + Calcium Carbonate &#8594 CO2 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) &#8594 CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 Hydrochloric acid can be used to test for carbonates - they produce CO2 gas with acids - which can be shown to turn limewater cloudy

Other Equations

Direct Synthesis Thermal Decomposition Combustion Redox

Direct Synthesis, where two elements react: Hydrogen + Chlorine &#8594 Hydrogen Chloride Thermal Decomposition, where a compound decomposes when heated: CaCO3(s) &#8594 CaO(s)+ CO2(g) Combustion where a substance is burned in oxygen: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) &#8594 CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Redox, where oxidation and reduction occur together: CuO(s) + H2(g) &#8594 Cu(s) + H2O(g)

Other Equations

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Substitution Addition: Elimination Combustion Oxidation (and reduction)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Substitution: CH4 + Cl2 &#8594 CH3Cl + HCl Addition: C2H4 + H2O &#8594 C2H5OH Elimination: C2H6 &#8594 C2H4 + H2 Combustion: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) &#8594 CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Oxidation (and reduction): C2H5OH + 2[O] &#8594 CH3COOH + H2O

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